Beautiful webpage on William I

Click and enoy!
William the Conqueror

Look up the meaning of the names in ...

What is a Friar, a Knight, a Miller, a Pardoner, a Parson and a Reeve?

 Canterbury Cathedral

Ruins of the monastery

A song about the tales...

Where are the pilgrims going?
Who will tell the stories? Why?
What will happen at the end?
In what way are the characters different?
Do you know the song?

Who was Geoffrey Chaucer?

Chaucer in an initial from British
Library Lansdowne MS 851 fol. 2.


The pilgrims on their way to Canterbury

Pilgrimage route

 

Chaucer was a famous Medieval writer in the of the Middle Ages and the author of the Canterbury Tales

Nationality: English

Nickname: Father of English Literature

Date of Birth: He was born in London in 1343

Family connections : He was the son of a vintner

Married: Geoffrey Chaucer married Philippa de Roet at St Mary de Castro in Leicester. She was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen, Philippa of Hainault

Education: Geoffrey Chaucer was well educated and studied law at the Inner Temple in London

Career: Geoffrey Chaucer was an author, poet, philosopher, courtier, and diplomat.

Date of Death: Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400

Character of Geoffrey Chaucer: Intelligent, loyal and hard working

Henry II and Thomas a Becket

Henry II (1154-89) was the son of Queen Maud and Geoffrey of Anjou. He took as his emblem the "sprig of broom" of the House of Anjou, which in the French of the day became "plant a genet", or Plantagenet. Henry was a good administrator, but he had a terrible temper, which would get him into trouble. He destroyed unlicensed castles and reclaimed many of the rights and powers of the crown that had permitted.

Becket - Henry's friend and chief administrator was a cleric by the name of Thomas a Becket. When the See of Canterbury fell empty in 1162 Henry convinced a very reluctant Becket to become the new Archbishop.

        Becket arguing with Henry II

 Henry, of course, assumed that his friend would be sympathetic to the royal cause in the escalating battle between church and state. He wasn't. Thomas underwent a change of character as Archbishop. He was ostentatiously severe and strict in his observance of church law. He wore a penitential hair shirt under his vestments, and had his underlings flog him frequently. More importantly, he opposed Henry over the question of the supremacy of ecclesiastical courts.
Criminous Clerks - At that time anyone in orders could only be tried in church courts. In practice, the number of clerics was huge, including several levels of lay priests and clerks. Henry, anxious to assert the power of royal justice, claimed that the "criminous clerks" should be tried in royal courts. To his surprise, Becket refused to agree.

Becket's Death - The Archbishop fled to France after defying Henry. They eventually were reconciled with the help of the pope, and Becket returned. He immediately angered Henry by excommunicating those bishops who had prudently supported the king during Becket's exile. Henry flew into one of his famous rages. Four knights, perhaps seeking to curry favour with the king, rode from Westminster to Canterbury and killed Becket in front of the main altar of the Cathedral when he refused to relent.

Henry's Penance - Henry, full of remorse, did penance imposed by the pope. He walked to Canterbury Cathedral in sack cloth and ashes and allowed himself to be flogged by the monks there. He also gave way for the moment on the question of court authority.

Consequences of Becket's Death - Becket's martyrdom did Canterbury Cathedral no harm at all. In a very short time miraculous cures began to be reported at his tomb. The old Cathedral burned down in 1174, and it was the growing popularity of Becket's shrine as a place of pilgrimage that paid for the rebuilding. Much of the magnificent Cathedral that we see today was built on the proceeds of gifts and the sale of "official souvenirs" at the shrine during the next few hundred years. Canterbury became one of the most visited pilgrimage sites in western Christendom.

Write down 6 things about this text (1 from each paragraph) that we have mentioned in class and are VERY IMPORTANT.

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•       
•    
•    
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What did Henry really say?

Who will rid me of this meddlesome priest?"

"Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?"

"Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?"

Can you find any other versions?

Canterbury Cathedral

Me

outside view

inside view

Becket's shrine used to be here, now there's only a candle

Notice on his empty shrine

exact place of Becket's murder

Which picture do you like best? Explain why.

Henry II and his possessions

Which present countries did Henry's domains include?

Was it bigger or smaller than Great Britain now?

Was it bigger or smaller than France?

Henry II

Henry II

King of England from 1154, Henry strengthened royal administration but suffered from quarrels with Thomas Becket and his own family.

Henry was born at Le Mans in north west France on 4 March 1133. His father was Count of Anjou and his mother Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. Henry had named Matilda as his successor to the English throne but her cousin Stephen had taken over.

In 1150 - 1151, Henry became ruler of Normandy and Anjou, after the death of his father. In 1152, he married Eleanor of Aquitaine, the greatest heiress in western Europe. In 1153, he crossed to England to pursue his claim to the throne, reaching an agreement that he would succeed Stephen on his death, which occurred in 1154.

Henry's now began to restore order. Using his talented chancellor Thomas Becket, Henry began reorganising the judicial system. The Assize of Clarendon (1166) established procedures of criminal justice, establishing courts and prisons for those awaiting trial. In addition, the assizes gave fast and clear verdicts, enriched the treasury and extended royal control.

In 1164, Henry reasserted his ancestral rights over the church. Now archbishop of Canterbury, Becket refused to comply. An attempted reconciliation failed and Becket punished priests who had co-operated with Henry. On hearing this Henry reportedly exclaimed, 'Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?' Four knights took his words literally and murdered Becket in Canterbury Cathedral in December 1170. Almost overnight Becket became a saint. Henry reconciled himself with the church, but royal control over the church changed little.

Who did Henry marry? Why?
What was the Clarendon Assize?
When and where was Becket murdered? Why?

Henry II & Thomas Becket

The murder of Thomas Becket

The Bayeaux Tapestry in a film!

Bayeaux Tapestry on film Click the previous link if you cannot watch it from here

Very helpful to remember important details about the Norman Conquest!

Please answer the questions:

1. What is the comet supposed to mean?

2. Why is William angry?

3. What do they carry on the boats?

4. What do the do when they arrive?

5. What do you see at the bottom of the tapestry during the battle?

6. What is Harold's brother called?

How did Harold die?

Look at the picture of the Bayeaux Tapestry and try to answer the question in the title.

Click to enlarge

Edward and Demon Lover

THE DEMON LOVER and EDWARD complete, say true or false or answer.

THE DEMON LOVER TRUE OR FALSE A husband is cruel to his wife and forces her to run away with her old lover

THE DEMON LOVER Why is the man's foot a clue that there is an element of the supernatural in this ballad?

THE DEMON LOVER The man's boat is unusual in that the masts are made of _____

THE DEMON LOVER What two "supernatural" places does the man show the woman on the voyage?

THE DEMON LOVER What startling action does the man do to the boat at the end of the ballad?

THE DEMON LOVER Where does the woman end up in death?

THE DEMON LOVER The woman's fate may be deserved because she has run off and left behind her _____ and _____.

EDWARD EDWARD What are the two surprises?

EDWARD EDWARD Edward says that he has killed ______

EDWARD EDWARD What is Edward leaving to his wife and children?

Ballads

Complete the following sentences about ballads:

A ballad is a ______ poem.

The area where most ballads were probably composed was ______.

Exactly how or when ballads originated and developed is unknown because of _______

Usually, but not always, the tone of medieval ballad was _____.

In order to provide a melodic effect, to heighten emphasis, to heighten emotion, and to provide suspense, one technical characteristic used in ballads was the _____ of words or phrases.

The medieval ballad: true or false?

Please CORRECT  false statements.  

1. Ballads were produced by intellectuals and recited or sung in alehouses and at fairs. (   )
2. The word ballad comes from the latin ballare to dance, and in fact these poems were originally

     sung to a simple instrumental accompaniment. (   )

3. The popular ballad, written between the 13th and 14th centuries, were collected and later
     published by common people. (   )

4. Popular ballads are anonymous narrative poems. They differ from all other types of narrative
    poetry due to a peculiar and effective way of telling their stories. (   )

5. They deal with one single situation and treat it dramatically. (   )

6. They are impersonal, since the story-teller does not intrude his personality. (   )

7. There is a moralizing of didactic approach. (   )

''Lord Randall''

Literary device: Question and answer.

STORY: a young man, coming home from a day's hunting, is apparently tired. The young man's mother draws information out of him which eventually reveals that he's been poisoned by his true love.

 Three of the five stanzas deal with food: one, where he ate; two, what he ate; and three, what happened to the leftovers. By the time we discover that the dogs were poisoned ("they swell'd and they died"), it's clear that Randall will suffer the same fate.

 INCREMENTAL REPETITION: ''For I'm weary wi' hunting and fain would lie down" is the refrain of the earlier stanzas; it's switched to "For I'm sick at the heart and fain would lie down" in the last line of the final stanza. Why? Randall now identifies a broken and betrayed heart, not physical fatigue, as the source of his weariness.

 Some extra info!

 "Lord Randall" (Roud 10, Child 12) is an Anglo-Scottish border ballad, a traditional ballad consisting of dialogue. The different versions follow the same general lines, the primary character (in this case Randall, but varying by location) is poisoned, usually by his sweetheart; this is revealed through a conversation where he reports on the events and the poisoner. Variants of this ballads are found in German, Swedish, Magyar, Danish, Wendish. Similar ballads exist across the continent of Europe. There are, for example different Italian versions, usually titled "L'avvelenato" ('The Poisoned Man') or "Il testamento dell'avvelenato". In the early 1960s Bob Dylan borrowed its structure for "A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall".

Golden plus for info on "L'avvelenato"

Battle of Hastings

1. Where does William cross the channel?
2. Where does he arrive?
3. How long does it take?
4. When was the Battle of Stanford Bridge? Who fought there?
5. How many days after was the Battle of Hastings?
6. In a few lines, explain why you think I posted this information.

William, the Norman Candidate!

William was born in around 1028, in Falaise, Normandy the illegitimate son of Robert I, Duke of Normandy. He was known as 'William the Bastard' to his contemporaries. On his father's death in 1035, William was recognised as heir. From 1046 until 1055, he dealt with a series of baronial rebellions. William's political and military successes helped him in negotiations to marry Matilda, daughter of Count Baldwin of Flanders in 1053.

Early in 1066, Edward, king of England died and Harold, Earl of Wessex was crowned king. William was furious, claiming that in 1051 Edward, a distant cousin, had promised him the throne and that Harold had later sworn to support that claim.

William the Conqueror

Preparations for the crossing of the channel

William landed in England on 28 September 1066, establishing a camp near Hastings. On 14 October the battle of Hastings took place; Harold was killed and his army collapsed. William was victorious and on Christmas Day 1066, he was crowned king in Westminster Abbey. A Norman aristocracy became the new governing class and many members of the native English elite, including bishops, were replaced with Normans.

The Saxon choice, Harold Godwine.

Harold was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England and was killed by William, Duke of Normandy at the Battle of Hastings.

Harold was born in the early 1020s, the son of Godwine, Earl of Wessex. He succeeded to his father's titles in 1053, becoming the second most powerful man in England after the monarch. He was also a focus for opposition to the growing Norman influence in England encouraged by the king, Edward (known as 'the Confessor' for his piety).

In 1064, Harold was shipwrecked on the coast of Normandy. William, Duke of Normandy considered himself to be the successor to the childless Edward and is believed to have forced Harold to swear an oath to support his claim. The following year, the Northumbrians revolted against Tostig, Earl of Northumbria,  who was Harold's brother. Harold replaced Tostig, turning him into a bitter enemy.

Edward died in January 1066 and Harold assumed power, claiming Edward had designated him as heir. William now used Harold's oath of 1064 to secure Papal support for his invasion of England.

In September, Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, aided by Tostig, invaded England, but they were defeated and killed by Harold on 25 September at the Battle of Stamford Bridge, near York. Three days later William landed in England. Harold hurried south with his army and, on 14 October, met William in battle near Hastings. A day-long battle ensued and Harold was defeated and killed, along with his brothers Gyrth and Leofwine.

Spot where Harold fell in the batttlefield

Hadrada, the Viking candidate!

Harold Hadrada

Map of the battle

Battle of Stanford Bridge

Harald's Memorial in Oslo

1015 - 25 Sep 1066

King of Norway

Harald Sigurdsson was the king of Norway from 1047 - 1066. He was later given the epithet Hardrada, meaning 'stern counsel' or 'hard ruler'. He was also King of Denmark until 1064 after defeating King Sweyn's army after a long and drawn out war. He is best known for his invasion of England in 1066. King Harald died at the battle of Stamford Bridge, near York. His death has been marked as the end of the Viking Age.

The three candidates

Click on the link at the bottom to get information about each candidate:

Harold Godwine

Harald Hardrada

William I

The three candidates to the throne!

British Library page seen in class!

Beowulf link

Kennings

Kennings!

Read carefully!

 A kenning is a much-compressed form of metaphor, originally used in Anglo-Saxon and Norse poetry.

It is a concise compound or figurative phrase replacing a common noun, especially in Old Germanic, Old Norse, and Old English poetry.

In a kenning, an object is described in a two-word phrase, such as 'whale-road' for 'sea'.

A kenning is commonly a simple stock compound such as “whale-path” or “swan road” for “sea,” “God’s beacon” for “sun,” or “ring-giver” for “king.” Many kennings are allusions that become unintelligible to later generations

The term is a derivative of the Old Norse kenna, “to perceive,” “to know,” or “to name.”

Some examples:

Blood: battle-sweat, wound-sea Fire: sun of the houses the sea: whale-road, sail road, whale's way, swan-road Ship: sea-steed the sun: sky-candle, sky's jewel the wind: breaker of trees

And a more modern example.... What do you make of it?

Match the names with the descriptions

Write the correct number in the brackets

Name	Description
Unferth (     )	1. A Geatish hero who fights the monster Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and a fire-breathing dragon. His exploits prove him to be the strongest, ablest warrior of his time. In his youth, he personifies the values of the heroic culture. In his old age, he proves a wise and effective ruler.
The dragon (     )	2. The king of the Danes. He enjoys military success and prosperity until Grendel comes to terrorize his realm. He is a wise and aged ruler, and he represents a different kind of leadership from that exhibited by the youthful warrior Beowulf. He is a father figure to Beowulf and a model for the kind of king that Beowulf becomes.
Grendel (     )	3. A Danish warrior who is jealous of Beowulf. He is unable or unwilling to fight Grendel, thus proving himself inferior to Beowulf.
Grendel’s Mother (     )	4. An ancient, powerful serpent that guards a horde of treasure. Beowulf fights it in the third and final part of the epic.
Beowulf (     )	5. A young kinsman and  brave soldier. He helps his king and friend in the fight against the dragon after the other warriors run away. He adheres to the heroic code, thereby proving himself a suitable successor to him.
Wiglaf (     )	6. A demon descended from Cain. It preys on Hrothgar’s warriors in the king’s mead-hall, Heorot. Because its ruthless and miserable existence is part of the retribution exacted by God for Cain’s murder of Abel, it fits solidly within the ethos of vengeance that governs the world of the poem.
King Hrothgar (     )	7. A demon even more monstrous than Grendel. She seeks revenge on Hrothgar’s men for the death of her son. Beowulf journeys to her magical, creature-filled lair beneath the swamp in order to defeat her.